86 samples, standard-grown
2023 · United Kingdom · UK Pesticide Residues in Food monitoring · Annual
Pesticide residues found on lemons
98.8% of standard-grown samples had at least one detected residue. Standard-grown means samples not identified as organic (called conventional in the source data). Detection does not, by itself, mean the food was unsafe.
All reported results below quantification
Two or more residues detected
Highest observed count: 9
Parser-based MRL comparison
10 samples, interpret cautiously
Annual context
How monitored results changed
Each row is a separate targeted survey. Samples can differ by retailer, origin and season, so this is context rather than a trend claim.
Residue detail
What was found on lemons?
The most frequently detected residues across all 96 samples. This is the complete available table for this monitoring entry.
96samples checked
Detection does not establish harm. Health risk depends on both toxicity and the amount a person is exposed to.
What do these types mean?
- FungicideControls fungal diseases such as moulds and mildews.
- InsecticideControls insects that damage crops or stored food.
- HerbicideControls weeds competing with a crop.
- Growth regulatorChanges plant growth, development or ripening.
- Other / mixedCovers multiple substances or a role that cannot be reliably assigned from the published name.
These labels describe agricultural function, not a toxicity ranking.
| Residue | Type | Samples | Median | Higher result | Typical published limit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| imazalil | Fungicide | 79 (82.3%) | 1.2 mg/kg | 2.4 mg/kg | 5 mg/kg |
Reviewed evidence What regulators assessed: Regulatory limits were derived from animal studies that observed changes including body-weight gain, blood chemistry and liver weight at higher doses. Reference values
Reviewed from WHO/FAO JMPR, 2018 ↗ | |||||
| pyrimethanil | Fungicide | 57 (59.4%) | 1.5 mg/kg | 4.8 mg/kg | 8 mg/kg |
Reviewed evidence What regulators assessed: The long-term reference value was based on liver and thyroid changes observed in animal studies at higher doses. Reference values
Reviewed from WHO/FAO JMPR, 2007 ↗ | |||||
| thiabendazole | Fungicide | 39 (40.6%) | 0.6 mg/kg | 1.4 mg/kg | 7 mg/kg |
Reviewed evidence What regulators assessed: The long-term guidance value was based on body-weight suppression and nephrosis observed in an animal study at higher doses. Reference values
Reviewed from WHO/FAO JMPR, 2019 ↗ | |||||
| 2,4-D (sum) | Other / mixed | 37 (38.5%) | 0.3 mg/kg | 0.8 mg/kg | 1 mg/kg |
Health summary pending No reviewed substance-specific summary is available, so no health effect is inferred. Search WHO/FAO JMPR ↗ | |||||
| Spirotetramat (partial sum) | Insecticide | 34 (35.4%) | 0.02 mg/kg | 0.06 mg/kg | 1 mg/kg |
Health summary pending No reviewed substance-specific summary is available, so no health effect is inferred. Search WHO/FAO JMPR ↗ | |||||
| pyriproxifen | Insecticide | 33 (34.4%) | 0.03 mg/kg | 0.08 mg/kg | 0.6 mg/kg |
Health summary pending No reviewed substance-specific summary is available, so no health effect is inferred. Search WHO/FAO JMPR ↗ | |||||
| pyraclostrobin | Fungicide | 25 (26%) | 0.04 mg/kg | 0.1 mg/kg | 2 mg/kg |
Health summary pending No reviewed substance-specific summary is available, so no health effect is inferred. Search WHO/FAO JMPR ↗ | |||||
| hexythiazox | Other / mixed | 21 (21.9%) | 0.02 mg/kg | 0.07 mg/kg | 1 mg/kg |
Health summary pending No reviewed substance-specific summary is available, so no health effect is inferred. Search WHO/FAO JMPR ↗ | |||||
| azoxystrobin | Fungicide | 14 (14.6%) | 0.2 mg/kg | 0.7 mg/kg | 15 mg/kg |
Health summary pending No reviewed substance-specific summary is available, so no health effect is inferred. Search WHO/FAO JMPR ↗ | |||||
| fludioxonil | Fungicide | 14 (14.6%) | 1.65 mg/kg | 4 mg/kg | 10 mg/kg |
Health summary pending No reviewed substance-specific summary is available, so no health effect is inferred. Search WHO/FAO JMPR ↗ | |||||
| carbendazim (sum) | Fungicide | 12 (12.5%) | 0.02 mg/kg | 0.04 mg/kg | 0.7 mg/kg |
Health summary pending No reviewed substance-specific summary is available, so no health effect is inferred. Search WHO/FAO JMPR ↗ | |||||
| dithiocarbamates | Fungicide | 12 (12.5%) | 0.2 mg/kg | 0.3 mg/kg | 5 mg/kg |
Health summary pending No reviewed substance-specific summary is available, so no health effect is inferred. Search WHO/FAO JMPR ↗ | |||||
“Higher result” is an approximate 95th-percentile observed concentration, not a safety threshold. Amounts of different pesticides should not be added together or compared directly. Functional types describe their usual agricultural role; they are not hazard or toxicity rankings.
ADI and ARfD are intake reference values, not limits for one food sample. A personal assessment would also require consumption, body-weight and wider exposure data. Source programmes report legal Maximum Residue Level results separately.
What this tells you
A monitoring result, not a verdict.
The UK programme is risk-based and targets foods where residues may be expected. It is not a test of every lemons product sold in United Kingdom. This entry’s latest included annual release is from 2023.
Comparable annual records are available for 2023, 2019.
Published MRLs or tolerances are regulatory limits associated with pesticide use. Consumer-risk assessment is a separate process.
Broader sample coverage. At least 50 samples: broader monitoring coverage, but still targeted rather than random.
Compare organic and standard-grown results →Common questions
How to read these lemons results
Were pesticide residues detected on lemons?
98.8% of 86 standard-grown samples in the 2023 UK Pesticide Residues in Food monitoring dataset had at least one quantified residue.
Does that mean lemons were unsafe?
No. A laboratory detection is not, by itself, a consumer-risk finding. Regulators assess dietary risk separately.
Should I buy organic lemons?
The monitored organic samples had a 0% detection rate, compared with 98.8% for standard-grown samples. This is a shopping-priority comparison, not a health-risk score.